The Constitution is a living document. Here are all 106 amendments, newest changes and oldest alike, in plain words.
106 shown
1st Amendment1951
Free speech limits, land reform, Ninth Schedule. Added reasonable restrictions on free speech, enabled reservation for backward classes, and created the Ninth Schedule to shield land-reform laws from judicial review.
Essential commodities. Re-worded the Concurrent List entry giving Parliament power over trade and production of essential commodities.
Seventh Schedule
4th Amendment1955
Property acquisition and compensation. Made the adequacy of compensation for compulsorily acquired property non-justiciable and expanded the Ninth Schedule.
Article 31Article 31AArticle 305Ninth Schedule
5th Amendment1955
State reorganisation timeframes. Empowered the President to set a time limit for state legislatures to express views on proposed changes to state boundaries or names.
Article 3
6th Amendment1956
Inter-state sales tax. Amended Union and State tax powers to bring taxes on inter-state sales and purchases under Union authority.
Article 269Article 286Seventh Schedule
7th Amendment1956
States Reorganisation. Restructured states along linguistic lines and abolished the Part A/B/C/D classification of states and territories.
First ScheduleFourth ScheduleArticle 3
8th Amendment1960
Reservation extension. Extended reserved seats for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Anglo-Indians for a further period.
Article 334
9th Amendment1960
Berubari / border adjustment. Ceded certain territories to Pakistan under the Indo-Pakistan boundary agreements.
First Schedule
10th Amendment1961
Dadra and Nagar Haveli. Incorporated Dadra and Nagar Haveli into India as a Union Territory.
Article 240First Schedule
11th Amendment1961
Vice-Presidential election. Provided that the Vice-President is elected by an electoral college of both Houses and that vacancies do not invalidate the election.
Article 66Article 71
12th Amendment1962
Goa, Daman and Diu. Incorporated Goa, Daman and Diu into India as a Union Territory.
Article 240First Schedule
13th Amendment1962
Nagaland special provisions. Created the State of Nagaland with special provisions safeguarding Naga religious, social, and customary law.
Article 371A
14th Amendment1962
Pondicherry and UT legislatures. Incorporated Pondicherry and enabled the creation of legislatures for certain Union Territories.
Article 240First ScheduleFourth Schedule
15th Amendment1963
High Court judges' retirement age. Raised the retirement age of High Court judges from 60 to 62 and made related judicial-service changes.
Article 217Article 226Article 128
16th Amendment1963
Oaths of allegiance / speech restrictions. Added sovereignty and integrity of India as a ground for restricting free speech and required loyalty oaths for candidates and office-holders.
Article 19Article 84Article 173Third Schedule
17th Amendment1964
Land estate protection. Broadened the definition of estate and added more land-reform laws to the Ninth Schedule.
Article 31ANinth Schedule
18th Amendment1966
Union Territory formation. Clarified that Parliament's power to form new states also allows forming Union Territories from parts of states.
Article 3
19th Amendment1966
Election dispute jurisdiction. Abolished Election Tribunals and transferred election petitions to the High Courts.
Article 324
20th Amendment1966
Validation of judicial appointments. Validated certain district-judge appointments in Uttar Pradesh that had been challenged as unconstitutional.
Article 233A
21st Amendment1967
Sindhi language. Added Sindhi to the list of scheduled official languages.
Eighth Schedule
22nd Amendment1969
Autonomous state within Assam. Enabled the creation of an autonomous state (Meghalaya) within Assam and related tribal-area provisions.
Reservation extension. Extended reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Tribes and Anglo-Indian representation, with changes for Nagaland.
Article 330Article 332Article 333Article 334
24th Amendment1971
Parliament's amending power. Affirmed Parliament's power to amend any part of the Constitution, including Fundamental Rights, and made presidential assent to amendments mandatory.
Article 13Article 368
25th Amendment1971
Property and Article 31C. Curtailed the right to property and added Article 31C to protect laws implementing certain Directive Principles from Fundamental Rights challenges.
Article 31Article 31C
26th Amendment1971
Abolition of privy purses. Abolished privy purses and privileges of the former rulers of princely states.
North-Eastern reorganisation. Made provisions for the reorganisation of North-Eastern territories, including Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh (then NEFA).
Article 239AArticle 240Article 371C
28th Amendment1972
ICS special privileges. Abolished the special privileges of former Indian Civil Service officers and empowered Parliament to regulate their conditions of service.
Article 312AArticle 314
29th Amendment1972
Kerala land reform. Added two Kerala land-reform Acts to the Ninth Schedule.
Ninth Schedule
30th Amendment1972
Supreme Court appeals. Changed the basis for civil appeals to the Supreme Court from a monetary value to a question of substantial legal importance.
Article 133
31st Amendment1973
Lok Sabha seat increase. Increased the maximum number of elected Lok Sabha seats from 525 to 545.
Telangana / Andhra safeguards. Provided special provisions for the Telangana and Andhra regions of Andhra Pradesh, including equitable opportunities in employment and education.
Article 371DArticle 371ESeventh Schedule
33rd Amendment1974
Resignation of legislators. Required that resignations by MPs and MLAs be voluntary and genuine before being accepted.
Article 101Article 190
34th Amendment1974
Land reform protection. Added more state land-reform and tenancy Acts to the Ninth Schedule.
Sikkim associate status. Gave Sikkim the status of an associate state of India with special terms.
Article 2ATenth Schedule
36th Amendment1975
Sikkim statehood. Made Sikkim a full state of the Indian Union and repealed its associate-state provisions.
Article 371FFirst ScheduleFourth Schedule
37th Amendment1975
Arunachal Pradesh assembly. Provided a Legislative Assembly and Council of Ministers for the Union Territory of Arunachal Pradesh.
Article 240Article 239A
38th Amendment1975
Emergency proclamations non-justiciable. Made the declaration of Emergency and ordinance-making by the President and Governors immune from judicial review.
Election disputes of high offices. Removed the elections of the President, Vice-President, Prime Minister, and Speaker from ordinary judicial scrutiny.
Article 71Article 329Article 329ANinth Schedule
40th Amendment1976
Exclusive Economic Zone. Empowered Parliament to specify India's territorial waters, continental shelf, and exclusive economic zone, and added more Acts to the Ninth Schedule.
Article 297Ninth Schedule
41st Amendment1976
Public Service Commission age. Raised the retirement age of State and Joint Public Service Commission members from 60 to 62.
Article 316
42nd Amendment1976
The 'Mini-Constitution' (Emergency-era). Made sweeping changes including adding 'socialist', 'secular', and 'integrity' to the Preamble, adding Fundamental Duties, and curtailing judicial review.
Partial repeal of the 42nd. Repealed several anti-democratic provisions of the 42nd Amendment and restored certain powers of the judiciary.
Article 145Article 226Article 228
44th Amendment1978
Post-Emergency safeguards. Reversed key Emergency-era changes, removed the right to property as a Fundamental Right, and added safeguards for the proclamation of Emergency.
Sales tax loopholes. Amended the tax provisions to close loopholes and secure state revenue from sales taxes.
Article 269Article 286Article 366Seventh Schedule
47th Amendment1984
Land reform protection. Added more state land-reform Acts to the Ninth Schedule.
Ninth Schedule
48th Amendment1984
Punjab President's Rule. Allowed President's Rule in Punjab to be extended beyond the normal one-year limit.
Article 356
49th Amendment1984
Tripura tribal areas. Extended the Sixth Schedule provisions for autonomous tribal-area administration to Tripura.
Article 244Fifth ScheduleSixth Schedule
50th Amendment1984
Armed/security forces rights restriction. Extended the power to restrict Fundamental Rights of members of forces charged with intelligence, communications, and property protection.
Article 33
51st Amendment1984
ST reservation in North-East. Provided reservation of seats for Scheduled Tribes in the assemblies of Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, and Mizoram.
Article 330Article 332
52nd Amendment1985
Anti-defection law. Introduced disqualification of legislators for defection and added the Tenth Schedule.
UT electors in Presidential poll. Included the elected members of the Delhi and Pondicherry legislative assemblies in the electoral college for the President.
Article 54Article 239AA
71st Amendment1992
Three new languages. Added Konkani, Manipuri (Meitei), and Nepali to the list of scheduled official languages.
Eighth Schedule
72nd Amendment1992
ST reservation in Tripura. Provided for reservation of Scheduled Tribe seats in the Tripura Legislative Assembly.
Reservation extension. Extended reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Tribes and Anglo-Indian representation for a further ten years.
Article 334
80th Amendment2000
Tax devolution. Implemented an alternative scheme for sharing central taxes with the states based on the Tenth Finance Commission's recommendations.
Article 269Article 270
81st Amendment2000
Backlog vacancies reservation. Allowed unfilled reserved (SC/ST) vacancies of one year to be carried forward without counting against the 50% ceiling.
Article 16
82nd Amendment2000
Relaxation in promotion standards. Allowed states to relax qualifying marks and evaluation standards for Scheduled Caste and Tribe candidates in promotions.
Article 335
83rd Amendment2000
Arunachal Pradesh panchayats. Exempted Arunachal Pradesh from reserving panchayat seats for Scheduled Castes, as it has no SC population.
Constituency freeze (1971 census). Froze the allocation of Lok Sabha and Assembly seats among states on the 1971 census while allowing redrawing of boundaries.
Consequential seniority. Provided consequential seniority to Scheduled Caste and Tribe government servants promoted through reservation, with retrospective effect.
Article 16
86th Amendment2002
Right to education. Made free and compulsory education for children aged 6 to 14 a Fundamental Right.
Article 21AArticle 45Article 51A
87th Amendment2003
Constituency data (2001 census). Changed the reference census for readjusting constituency boundaries from 1991 to 2001.
Article 81Article 82Article 170Article 330
88th Amendment2003
Service tax. Gave constitutional authority for a tax on services, to be levied by the Union and shared with the states.
Article 268AArticle 270Seventh Schedule
89th Amendment2003
Separate SC and ST commissions. Split the combined National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes into two separate commissions.
Article 338Article 338A
90th Amendment2003
Bodoland representation. Maintained representation for both Scheduled Tribes and non-tribals in the Assam Assembly for the Bodoland Territorial Areas District.
Size of Council of Ministers / defection. Capped the Council of Ministers at 15% of the legislature and tightened the anti-defection law by removing the split exemption.
OBC reservation in education. Enabled reservation for socially and educationally backward classes in educational institutions, including private unaided ones.
Article 15
94th Amendment2006
Tribal welfare minister. Freed Bihar from the requirement of a Minister for tribal welfare and extended the requirement to Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand.
Co-operative societies. Made the right to form co-operative societies a Fundamental Right and added provisions for their governance (Part IXB, later partly struck down).
Article 19Article 43BPart IXB
98th Amendment2012
Hyderabad-Karnataka region. Gave the Governor of Karnataka special powers for the development of the Hyderabad-Karnataka region.
National Judicial Appointments Commission. Created the National Judicial Appointments Commission for appointing higher-judiciary judges (struck down by the Supreme Court in 2015).
Article 124AArticle 124BArticle 124C
100th Amendment2015
India-Bangladesh land boundary. Ratified the exchange of enclaves and territories with Bangladesh under the Land Boundary Agreement.
First Schedule
101st Amendment2016
Goods and Services Tax (GST). Introduced the Goods and Services Tax, restructuring indirect taxation powers between the Union and the states and creating the GST Council.
National Commission for Backward Classes. Gave constitutional status to the National Commission for Backward Classes.
Article 338BArticle 342AArticle 366
103rd Amendment2019
EWS reservation. Enabled up to 10% reservation for economically weaker sections among citizens not otherwise covered by existing reservations.
Article 15Article 16
104th Amendment2020
Reservation extension / Anglo-Indian seats. Extended reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Tribes to 2030 and ended the nominated Anglo-Indian seats.
Article 334
105th Amendment2021
State power to identify OBCs. Restored the power of states and union territories to identify their own socially and educationally backward classes.
Article 338BArticle 342AArticle 366
106th Amendment2023
Women's reservation. Reserved one-third of seats in the Lok Sabha and state legislative assemblies for women.
Article 330AArticle 332AArticle 334AArticle 239AA
Compiled from Wikipedia's list of amendments, spot-checked against Indian civics references. Year shown is the year the amendment Act was enacted, which can differ from when it took effect. Entries marked † were not independently double-confirmed against the official India Code and should be verified before being treated as exact. The 97th and 99th amendments were later struck down in whole or part.